LTO Network
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Running a node
Libraries
Transactions
Tx type #
Tx type name
1
Genesis Transaction
4
8
9
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
The current version for all transactions is v3. Previous versions (v1, v2) can also still be used.
Transaction fees
Transaction fees act as a reward for the miner.
Transaction
Fee (LTO)
Minimum (LTO)
Transfer
1
0.01
Lease
1
0.01
Cancel Lease
1
0.01
Mass Transfer
1 + 0.1 * N
0.01 + 0.001 * N
Anchor
0.3 + 0.05 * N
0.01 + 0.001 * N
Invoke Association
0.35
0.01
Revoke Association
0.35
0.01
Sponsor
5
0.1
Cancel Sponsor
1
0.01
Script
5
0.1
The absolute minimum fees are enforced by the consensus model. The current fees are configured by the nodes as the minimum acceptable fee.
Nodes will reject broadcasting transactions that offer a lower fee than configured. However, when running your own node, it's possible to offer any fee equal to or above the minimum. Mining nodes will not process transactions with a fee that's lower than configured. Likely these transactions will stay in the utx pool until your own node is able to mine or until they time out (after 90 minutes).
Fee distribution
For every transaction, 20% of the fee isn't awarded and thus effectively taken out of circulation (aka burned). The remaining fee is split up among the current leader, and the next elected node at a ratio of 2:3.
The fee is distributed 32% to the leader, 48% to the next one, and 20% is burned. LTO Network has a deflationary token economy.
While feature "Transactions v3" is not accepted, a fixed amount of 0.1 LTO is burned for each transaction instead of 20%.
Prior to feature 12 "Partial Fee Burn", the full fee was distributed to the miners. Feature 12 was activated on block 870000.
Sponsored accounts
Normally the fee is automatically deducted from the sender's address. With sponsored accounts, it's possible for a third party to pay for all transaction fees of an account.
If the sponsor has insufficient funds, the fee is deducted from the sender's account. This prevents a third party to disable an account through a dummy sponsorship.
If an account has multiple sponsors, it works as last in first out. If the most recently added sponsor has insufficient funds, the next sponsor is tried, this continues until the sender's account is charged for the fee.
Sponsored transactions
By default the account that signs the transaction also pays the transaction fees. It's possible for a different account to pay the fee instead this account needs to co-sign the transaction and add it as proof.
1
{
2
"type": 15,
3
"version": 3,
4
"id": "8M6dgn85eh3bsHrVhWng8FNaHBcHEJD4MPZ5ZzCciyon",
5
"sender": "3Jq8mnhRquuXCiFUwTLZFVSzmQt3Fu6F7HQ",
6
"senderPublicKey": "AJVNfYjTvDD2GWKPejHbKPLxdvwXjAnhJzo6KCv17nne",
7
"sponsor": "3JiPMnx485EVhasHfD4f36v4Hydmn7XYFFo",
8
"sponsorPublicKey": "22wYfvU2op1f3s4RMRL2bwWBmtHCAB6t3cRwnzRJ1BNz"
9
"fee": 35000000,
10
"timestamp": 1610397549043,
11
"anchors": [],
12
"proofs": [
13
"4aMwABCZwtXrGGKmBdHdR5VVFqG51v5dPoyfDVZ7jfgD3jqc851ME5QkToQdfSRTqQmvnB9YT4tCBPcMzi59fZye"
14
"58oNafDLERaW9crixHFv9mwiaA3miDJQtAAQMdB9xRFLaYMQRB8fGqpZWeB5w6kBbT6mbcxpyXFFSFMG6xE51RaU"
15
],
16
"height": 1069662
17
}
Copied!
This is a zero-anchor transaction to register
did:lto:3Jq8mnhRquuXCiFUwTLZFVSzmQt3Fu6F7HQ. The transaction fee is paid by account 3JiPMnx485EVhasHfD4f36v4Hydmn7XYFFo.The account that sponsors a transaction, can be a sponsored account. In that case, the fee will be paid by the account's sponsor.
Sponsoring transactions is intended for accounts that don't hold any tokens. Beware that the sponsor isn't part of the binary message that's signed. This means that a malicious node could remove the signature of the sponsor, forcing the transaction to be paid by the sender.
Signing a transaction
The process is as follows: create a binary message for signing, then create a signature using the private key.
To validate a signature, the same binary message must be constructed. For this, the order of the fields matter, if you switch the order, the message will be different. The public key can be used for validation.
The binary message differs for each transaction type. Please check the documentation.
Example
Transaction data:
Field
Value
Sender address (not used, just for information)
3N9Q2sdkkhAnbR4XCveuRaSMLiVtvebZ3wp
Private key (used for signing, not in tx data)
7VLYNhmuvAo5Us4mNGxWpzhMSdSSdEbEPFUDKSnA6eBv
Public key
EENPV1mRhUD9gSKbcWt84cqnfSGQP5LkCu5gMBfAanYH
Recipient address
3NBVqYXrapgJP9atQccdBPAgJPwHDKkh6A8
Amount
1
Fee
1
Timestamp
1479287120875
Attachment (as byte array)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
Bytes:
#
Field name
Type
Position
Length
Value
Base58 bytes value
1
Transaction type (0x04)
Byte
0
1
4
5
2
Sender's public key
Bytes
1
32
...
EENPV1mRhUD9gSKbcWt84cqnfSGQP5LkCu5gMBfAanYH
3
Timestamp
Long
33
8
1479287120875
11frnYASv
4
Amount
Long
41
8
1
11111112
5
Fee
Long
49
8
1
11111112
6
Recipient's address
Bytes
57
26
...
3NBVqYXrapgJP9atQccdBPAgJPwHDKkh6A8
7
Attachment's length (N)
Short
83
2
4
15
8
Attachment's bytes
Bytes
85
N
[1,2,3,4]
2VfUX
Total data bytes for sign:
Ht7FtLJBrnukwWtywum4o1PbQSNyDWMgb4nXR5ZkV78krj9qVt17jz74XYSrKSTQe6wXuPdt3aCvmnF5hfjhnd1gyij36hN1zSDaiDg3TFi7c7RbXTHDDUbRgGajXci8PJB3iJM1tZvh8AL5wD4o4DCo1VJoKk2PUWX3cUydB7brxWGUxC6mPxKMdXefXwHeB4khwugbvcsPgk8F6YBSignature of transaction data bytes (one of an infinite number of valid signatures):
2mQvQFLQYJBe9ezj7YnAQFq7k9MxZstkrbcSKpLzv7vTxUfnbvWMUyyhJAc1u3vhkLqzQphKDecHcutUrhrHt22DTotal transaction bytes with signature:
6zY3LYmrh981Qbzj7SRLQ2FP9EmXFpUTX9cA7bD5b7VSGmtoWxfpCrP4y5NPGou7XDYHx5oASPsUzB92aj3623SUpvc1xaaPjfLn6dCPVEa6SPjTbwvmDwMT8UVoAfdMwb7t4okLcURcZCFugf2Wc9tBGbVu7mgznLGLxooYiJmRQSeAACN8jYZVnUuXv4V7jrDJVXTFNCz1mYevnpA5RXAoehPRXKiBPJLnvVmV2Wae2TCNvweHGgknioZU6ZaixSCxM1YzY24Prv9qThszohojaWq4cRuRHwMAA5VUBvUsKey type
By default, transactions are signed using the ED25519 algorithm. However, LTO supports multiple algorithms and curves like secp256k1, NIST P-256, and RSA. When broadcasting a transaction, it's required to include the key type in addition to the sender's public key.
RSA public keys are too large to store for each request. For RSA, the sender public key field must contain the SHA256 hash of the public key. This means that the transaction can't be validated by itself. RSA is only available through a smart account or by publishing an X.509 certificate to the public chain.
Proofs
Proofs are a flexible way to authorize a transaction. Each proof is a Base58 encoded byte string and can be a signature, a secret, or anything else – the semantics of the proof is dictated by the smart contract that interprets it. There can be up to 8 proofs at most 64 bytes each.
By default, only one proof is used, which must be the transaction signature by the sender. It should be the very first element in the proofs array, while all the other elements are ignored. The JSON looks like
"proofs": [ "21jgWvYq6XZuke2bLE8bQEbdXJEk..." ]Transaction id
The transaction id is not stored in the transaction bytes. It's calculated from the binary message for signing as
blake2b256(binary_message).Last modified 1mo ago